The random orientation of different pairs of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate is responsible for __________.

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Independent assortment is the random orientation of different pairs of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate during meiosis I, which results in the random distribution of homologous chromosomes into daughter cells. This process contributes to genetic variety in offspring. Random fertilization (A) is the random fusion of gametes from two individuals with different genetic backgrounds, further increasing genetic variability. Crossing over (C) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, which also increases genetic diversity. Asexual reproduction (D) does not involve the formation and fusion of gametes, and therefore does not involve meiosis, independent assortment, or crossing over.

The Random Orientation of Different Pairs of Homologous Chromosomes on the Metaphase