A Major Consequence of the Adoption of Mechanistic Doctrine by Helmholtz

A major consequence of the adoption of mechanistic doctrine by Helmholtz and his fellow students was that:

A) they were encouraged to try to solve problems that previously seemed unsolvable, such as analyzing and measuring the nervous impulse.
B) they finally performed the ultimate experiment, disproving vitalism completely.
C) they lost support from their superiors, such as Müller, and were cast into an oppositional role.
D) all of the above