Evidence Suggests That Unions Reduce Firm Profitability and Discourage Investment,so

Evidence suggests that unions reduce firm profitability and discourage investment,so that:

A) the dynamic efficiency loss from unionization is smaller than the static efficiency loss
B) the dynamic efficiency loss from unionization is greater than the static efficiency loss
C) turnover in union firms is greater because workers become bored with old technology
D) turnover in nonunion firms is greater because workers cannot keep up with new technology