Carneiro's model of state formation argues that states emerged in areas where societies were physically or socially circumscribed.

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Carneiro argued that states emerged in areas where societies were physically or socially circumscribed, meaning they were limited by natural barriers such as mountains or deserts or by social factors such as competition for resources or hierarchical organization. This circumscription led to the concentration of population and resources, which in turn facilitated the development of agriculture and the emergence of centralized political authority.

Carneiro's Model of State Formation Argues That States Emerged in Areas