How are retailers able to impose expensive slotting fees on manufacturers?

Question

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Over time, the balance of power has shifted away from manufacturers and toward retailers, giving retailers more leverage in negotiations. As a result, retailers are able to impose slotting fees as a condition for carrying a manufacturer's products. These fees are not necessarily tied to performance, as in pay-for-performance models, but are instead a way for retailers to generate additional revenue and protect themselves from carrying underperforming products.

How Are Retailers Able to Impose Expensive Slotting Fees on Manufacturers