Empirical studies that suggest differences in utilization rates between fee-for-service and managed care plans

Question

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Empirical studies comparing utilization rates between fee-for-service and managed care plans are often unable to differentiate between the impacts due to financial incentives and those due to clinical rules. This is because managed care plans often use a combination of financial incentives and clinical rules to control utilization, making it difficult to isolate the effects of financial incentives alone. Therefore, while such studies may suggest differences in utilization rates between the two types of plans, it is difficult to attribute these differences solely to financial incentives.

Empirical Studies That Suggest Differences in Utilization Rates Between Fee-For-Service