Because their lungs are not mature, premature infants can develop respiratory distress syndrome, also known as hyaline membrane disease.This problem occurs because the infant's lungs are lacking:

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Premature infants may not have enough surfactant in their lungs, which is a substance that helps keep the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) open. Without enough surfactant, the alveoli collapse and make it difficult for the infant to breathe. This can lead to respiratory distress syndrome.

Because Their Lungs Are Not Mature, Premature Infants Can Develop