According to the expectancy theory, which of the following is true of instrumentality?
A) Managers promote high levels of instrumentality when they link performance to desired outcomes.
B) Managers promote instrumentality by ensuring that rewards are distributed to employees on the basis of their rank.
C) Managers create low levels instrumentality when the distribution of outcomes available in an organization are performance-based.
D) Managers create low levels of instrumentality when they link effort to performance.
E) Managers promote low levels of instrumentality when they communicate to employees that high performance will lead to a pay raise in the future.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

According to expectancy theory, instrumentality refers to the belief that a certain level of performance will lead to a specific outcome or reward. Managers promote high levels of instrumentality by clearly linking performance to desired outcomes, such as promotions, bonuses or recognition. Therefore, choice A is true as it emphasizes the importance of managers promoting instrumentality through the use of reward systems.

According to the Expectancy Theory, Which of the Following Is