Determining what constitutes chance versus non-chance findings under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true is made with reference to a probability value known as the alpha level.

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This statement is true. The alpha level, also known as the significance level, is a predetermined value that represents the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. Typically, the alpha level is set at 0.05, meaning that if the probability of observing a result like the one obtained in the study is less than 0.05 (i.e., p<0.05), then the finding is considered statistically significant and is unlikely to be due to chance.

Determining What Constitutes Chance Versus Non-Chance Findings Under the Assumption