Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) a Technology Allowing Telephone Calls

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) a technology allowing telephone calls using the Internet is an example of:

A) An environmental force that can constrain other organization's ability to pursue certain marketing strategies or activities
B) Environmental variables and changes in those variables over time, helping to determine the ultimate success or failure of marketing strategies
C) Changes in the environment creating new marketing opportunities for an organization
D) Environmental variables affected or changed by marketing activities
E) None of the above