A group of volunteers and paid staff work for a political campaign. The candidate loses the election. According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, the volunteers are more likely to be upset and feel that they have wasted their time than the paid staff.

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According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, volunteers are more likely to rationalize their efforts and maintain a positive view of their participation to resolve the dissonance between their efforts and the outcome, whereas paid staff might not experience the same level of dissonance since their efforts are compensated, making them less likely to feel they wasted their time.

A Group of Volunteers and Paid Staff Work for a Political