In reading a research article,you determine that the study design was flawed because there was no control group.This is an example of a weakness in:

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The absence of a control group in a study can compromise its internal validity, which refers to the accuracy and confidence with which we can infer cause and effect relationships between variables in the study. Without a control group, it is difficult to rule out alternative explanations for the observed results, which could be due to factors other than the independent variable. Internal reliability pertains to the consistency of results within the study, and is not directly affected by the presence or absence of a control group. External reliability and validity relate to the generalizability and applicability of the study results to other populations or contexts, and are also not directly impacted by the presence or absence of a control group.

In Reading a Research Article,you Determine That the Study Design