The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobics include

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All of the choices are correct. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobics can be caused by mutations in the bacterial chromosome that affect drug receptors or enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Bacteria can also produce enzymes that alter or inactivate drugs, prevent drug entry into the cell, or alter drug receptors on cell targets. All of these mechanisms can contribute to bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.

The Cellular Basis for Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobics Include