In a chi-square test of independence,the term "expected frequency" generally refers to
A)the distribution of people over categories on the measured variables under the assumption of equal numbers of people in all cells.
B)the distribution of people over categories on one variable expected if the distribution of people over categories on the other variable is completely unrelated to it.
C)the examination of the spread of the grouping variable to see if it is truly an independent variable.
D)the population's distribution of the scores on the measured variable as estimated by the sample data.

Question

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In a chi-square test of independence, the expected frequency refers to the distribution of individuals over categories on one variable expected if the distribution of individuals over categories on the other variable is completely unrelated to it. It is calculated by taking the total number of individuals in each row/column and dividing by the total sample size, which gives us the expected number of individuals in each cell assuming independence. The expected frequencies are then compared with the observed frequencies to determine whether there is a significant association between the two variables. Option A pertains to a chi-square test of goodness of fit; option C refers to the examination of variance using ANOVA, and option D relates to the estimation of the population parameters from sample data through inferential statistics such as confidence intervals and hypothesis tests.

In a Chi-Square Test of Independence,the Term "Expected Frequency" Generally