Factors that can cause congenital malformations by affecting an embryo during its periods of rapid growth and development are called teratogens.

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Teratogens are substances, organisms, or environmental factors that can interfere with normal embryo development and cause birth defects or congenital malformations. They are most harmful during the first few weeks of pregnancy when major organs and tissues are forming. Examples of teratogens include alcohol, tobacco, drugs, certain infections, radiation, and environmental toxins.

Factors That Can Cause Congenital Malformations by Affecting an Embryo