Corporate Takeovers and the Financial Defenses Erected Against Them Have

Corporate takeovers and the financial defenses erected against them have resulted in each of the following except

A) diverting tens of billions of dollars a year from investment in plant and equipment.
B) putting billions of additional dollars into research and development.
C) forcing corporate officers to focus on short-term profitability rather than on long-term growth.
D) placing corporations in very precarious financial straits by taking on mountains of debt.