Which of the following best reflects the ability-to-pay philosophy of taxation?

Question

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The ability-to-pay philosophy of taxation is based on the idea that individuals with higher incomes should pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes than those with lower incomes. Progressive income taxes are an example of this philosophy, as they require individuals with higher incomes to pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes. Taxes on residential property, excise taxes on gasoline, and excise taxes on coffee do not necessarily reflect the ability-to-pay philosophy of taxation.

Which of the Following Best Reflects the Ability-To-Pay Philosophy of Taxation