Negotiated offers generally:

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Negotiated offers involve a single underwriter who negotiates directly with the issuer to determine the terms of the offering. This may result in higher issue costs as the underwriter may charge a higher fee for their services. In contrast, competitive offers involve multiple underwriters who compete to offer the best terms to the issuer, potentially resulting in lower costs. However, negotiated offers can be beneficial for issuers who require more customized and specialized services that may not be available through a competitive bid process.

Negotiated Offers Generally