In comparison to debt issuance expenses,the total direct costs of equity issues are:

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The total direct costs of equity issuance are generally higher than debt issuance expenses. This is because equity issuances involve fees associated with underwriting the offering, legal and accounting expenses, and potentially higher marketing and promotional costs. Additionally, equity issuances may involve selling shares at a discount to the market price, which can result in a lower net proceeds.

In Comparison to Debt Issuance Expenses,the Total Direct Costs of Equity