Which of the following procedures carried out will reduce both Mary's future gross estate and her probate estate?

Question

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A revocable trust avoids probate but does not avoid the estate tax (choice a.).Had Mary not issued the disclaimer (choice b.),the grandfather's real estate would have been a part of her gross estate and probate estate.Alan's actions as to the insurance policy (choice c.)have no effect on Mary.The gift of the insurance policy on Mary's life (choice d.)reduces the probate estate but not the gross estate-the 3-year rule of § 2035 forces inclusion of the proceeds for estate tax purposes.Creating the joint tenancy in real estate (choice e.)reduces the probate estate but not the gross estate.Since Mary furnished the purchase price,full inclusion is required by § 2040(a).

Which of the Following Procedures Carried Out Will Reduce Both