A causal effect for a single individual
A)can be deduced from the average treatment effect.
B)cannot be measured.
C)depends on observable variables only.
D)is observable since it is used as part of calculating the mean of individual causal effects.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Causal effect for a single individual cannot be measured as there is no alternative outcome for comparison. The treatment effect is calculated by comparing the outcomes of those who received a treatment with those who did not receive the treatment. Since there is only one outcome for an individual, it is impossible to estimate the causal effect for a single individual.

A Causal Effect for a Single Individual