Which of the Following Statements Regarding Corporate Vertical Marketing Systems

Which of the following statements regarding corporate vertical marketing systems is most accurate?

A) Corporate vertical marketing systems can use either forward integration or backward integration but not both.
B) Corporate vertical marketing systems increase distribution costs.
C) Corporate vertical marketing systems increase investment but decrease fixed costs.
D) Corporate vertical marketing systems are only effective with low-end consumer products.
E) Corporate vertical marketing systems combine successive stages of production and distribution under a single ownership.