Which of the following information best helps to distinguish chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure from acute hypercapnic respiratory failure?
A) long-standing dyspnea that worsens on exertion
B) forced expiratory volume in 1 second-to-forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC) of less than 75% predicted
C) kidneys retaining bicarbonate to elevate the blood pH
D) physical signs of hypoxemia, such as cyanosis and clubbing
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