Which of the Following Is Not a Reason Why the Proportion

Which of the following is not a reason why the proportion of promotional dollars spent on sales promotion has increased in recent years?

A) Retailers have become more powerful relative to manufacturers and are demanding more trade sales promotion efforts.
B) Because of an increased focus on value, consumers are more responsive to promotional offers.
C) The greater emphasis on improving long-term performance has resulted in an increased use of sales promotion methods.
D) Sales promotions aimed at convincing customers to change brands are more effective because of declines in brand loyalty in general.
E) All of these are reasons for the increasing proportion of promotional dollars being spent on sales promotion efforts.