The instability faced in the West by the mid-seventh century may be attributed to:

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All of these factors contributed to the instability faced in the West by the mid-seventh century. Justinian's failed efforts to reconquer the western empire had led to a drain on resources, while excessive taxes on agricultural lands led to a decline in agricultural production. Muslim raiders disrupted trade routes, thereby affecting the economy, and much agricultural land was passing out of production while slave labor was becoming less productive. All of these factors combined to create an unstable situation in the West by the mid-seventh century.

The Instability Faced in the West by the Mid-Seventh Century