The Most Devastating Consequence of the Crusades Was The

The most devastating consequence of the Crusades was the:

A) new religious and political ethos that informed the reconquest of Iberia.
B) development of Islamic and Christian doctrines of holy war.
C) underlying justification of the English wars against the Welsh and Scots.
D) justification for the massacre and dispossession of the "heretics" of southern France.
E) all of these