Which of the following factors is needed to establish causality?
A) validity
B) time order
C) spuriousness
D) the deductive approach

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Time order is necessary to establish causality, as the cause must precede the effect. Validity and spuriousness are related to the accuracy and plausibility of the relationship, but do not confirm causality on their own. The deductive approach is a methodology for developing theories, but does not directly relate to the establishment of causality.

Which of the Following Factors Is Needed to Establish Causality