Thomas Kochan, Robert McKersie, and Peter Cappelli believed that employers have become active rather than reactive participants in industrial relations. Which of the following is not a phenomenon in support of this assertion?

Question

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Companies becoming part of employer associations is not a phenomenon that directly supports the assertion that employers have become active rather than reactive participants in industrial relations. This action can be seen as a traditional, defensive strategy rather than an active approach to shaping industrial relations.

Thomas Kochan, Robert McKersie, and Peter Cappelli Believed That Employers