The time period that is characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation is the period of:

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The concentric circles of social affiliation refer to the social structure of premodern societies, where social status and identity were mainly determined by one's birth or family background. This system was characterized by clear hierarchies and limited social mobility, as individuals were largely restricted to their assigned status at birth. Modern and postmodern societies, on the other hand, prioritize individual achievement and merit-based social mobility rather than relying on traditional social hierarchies. Therefore, the correct answer is B) premodern societies.

The Time Period That Is Characterized by Concentric Circles of Social