Question 1

Compared to adults,infants spend ____ in REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

Infants spend more time in REM sleep compared to adults. This is because they are rapidly developing and growing, and REM sleep is important for brain development and learning.

Question 2

Neonatal mortality has ______ across ethnic groups in the United States since 1980.

Accepted Answer

The neonatal mortality rate has dropped steeply across ethnic groups in the United States since 1980. According to the CDC, the rate has decreased from 9.9 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 3.8 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019.

Question 3

One way that neonates' sleep is distinctive is that they spend a high proportion of their sleep in ____.

Accepted Answer

Neonates spend a high proportion of their sleep in REM sleep, which is characterized by rapid eye movements, increased brain activity, and muscle immobility. This stage of sleep is particularly important for brain development and consolidation of memories.

Question 4

How many hours a day does the average neonate sleep?

Accepted Answer

The average neonate (newborn) sleeps approximately 16-17 hours a day, though this sleep is not continuous and is spread out in short bursts throughout the day and night.

Question 5

Tatem is a low birth weight neonate who now has longer periods of sleep,cries less,and has gained weight much faster than other preterm babies.Which of the following treatments would you suspect that Tatem's parents are using?

Accepted Answer

Kangaroo care involves skin-to-skin contact between the parent and the neonate, which has been shown to improve the health outcomes of preterm babies, including increased weight gain and less crying. Calcium supplements and Montessori care are not typically used in the treatment of preterm babies, and Harlow treatments (which involved isolation and deprivation of social contact) are not used in current medical practice.

Question 6

In terms of sleep,most parents of neonates from developed countries ____.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that parents of neonates from developed countries are often sleep deprived due to the needs of their newborn baby, including frequent feedings and diaper changes. Option A and D are not mentioned, and Option C may not be recommended due to safety concerns.

Question 7

Maternal mortality has ______ since 1980,but is highest for _______.

Accepted Answer

Maternal mortality has been rising steadily in the United States, with African American women experiencing the highest rates of maternal deaths compared to other racial or ethnic groups. This disparity is attributed to a variety of factors, including access to healthcare, underlying health conditions, systemic racism, and the quality of care received.

Question 8

You are watching your infant sleep and suddenly notice that her eyes sway back and forth from side to side beneath her eyelids.At first you are frightened,but then remember that this phenomenon was described in your textbook and is a normal stage of sleep.Which of the following stages of sleep is your infant in?

Accepted Answer

The swaying of the eyes back and forth beneath the eyelids is a characteristic of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, which is one of the stages of sleep. It is a normal phenomenon that occurs during REM sleep and is associated with dreaming. Therefore, the best choice is option C - REM. The other options - hypersleep, ESP, and fMRI - are not relevant to the given scenario.

Question 9

Whereas adults typically spend about 20% of their time in REM sleep,what percentage of time do neonates spend in REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

Neonates spend about 50% of their sleep time in REM sleep, which is significantly higher than the percentage of REM sleep typically observed in adults.

Question 10

Your roommate's brother and sister-in-law just had a baby girl.Their daughter was born with very low birth weight.They did not get much help in terms of advice and are now leaving the hospital after only being there 7 days.What type of close-contact intervention would you advise for them?

Accepted Answer

Kangaroo care is the best choice for this situation. It involves skin-to-skin contact between the baby and parent, which has been shown to improve weight gain, reduce infections, and promote bonding. Papoose care involves swaddling the baby tightly in a blanket, which may not be appropriate for a newborn with low birth weight. Marsupial care is not a known term, and frequent contact care does not provide specific instructions for how to care for the baby.

Question 11

Your roommate's brother and sister-in-law just had a baby girl.Their daughter was born with very low birth weight.What advice can you give them in terms of providing additional care for her?

Accepted Answer

Infant massage has been shown to promote weight gain and overall growth in premature infants. It can also help with digestion and reduce stress for both the baby and parents.

Answer: D 
 An infant monitor can alert parents to any concerning breathing patterns or difficulties that the baby may be experiencing. This can help parents respond quickly and seek medical attention if necessary. However, it should not be relied upon as the only method of providing care for the baby.

Question 12

Research has shown that what type of treatment intervention for low-birth-weight neonates helps them to survive their first year?

Accepted Answer

Kangaroo care, also known as skin-to-skin care, has been found to significantly increase survival rates of low-birth-weight neonates in their first year compared to other interventions such as papoose care or frequent contact care. Kangaroo care involves placing the baby on the mother's bare chest, providing warmth and promoting bonding while also regulating the baby's temperature, heart rate, and breathing.

Question 13

Your friends are worried because their newborn sleeps 16 or 17 hours a day.What would you tell them?

Accepted Answer

The average newborn sleeps about 16-17 hours a day. It is completely normal for a newborn to sleep this much as their bodies are growing and developing rapidly. There is no need for worry unless there are other concerning symptoms or behaviors. Waking a sleeping newborn is not recommended as they need adequate sleep for healthy development. Option A and D are not true and may cause unnecessary concern for the parents.

Question 14

Adults spend about ____ of their time sleeping in REM,whereas,infants spent about ____ of their time sleeping in REM.

Accepted Answer

Adults spend about 20% of their sleep time in REM, while infants spend about 50% of their sleep time in REM.

Question 15

Besides kangaroo care,what is another very useful technique for assisting low-birth-weight babies?

Accepted Answer

Infant massage has been shown to have numerous benefits for low-birth-weight babies, including improved weight gain, increased calmness, and better sleep patterns. It can also promote bonding between parents and their babies. While educating mothers and offering smoking cessation programs are important for overall infant health, they do not specifically address the needs of low-birth-weight babies. Infant isolation is not recommended as it can have negative effects on infant development and parent-child bonding.

Question 16

Which of the following are two primary reasons why maternal mortality has decreased during the birthing process in developed countries?

Accepted Answer

Improvements in nutrition and healthcare access have led to better overall health and reduced complications during childbirth, while improvements in healthcare reimbursements and worldwide standards for physicians may also contribute to reduced maternal mortality rates, but are not the primary reasons. Improvements in standardization for midwives may also play a role, but are not as significant as improvements in general healthcare access and nutrition.

Question 17

Unlike later in life,a neonate's sleep-wake patterns are governed by ____.

Accepted Answer

Neonate's sleep-wake patterns are primarily governed by hunger. Unlike older children and adults, whose sleep patterns are more influenced by environmental cues such as light and dark or internal cues like hormonal levels, neonates sleep and wake based on their need to feed, which occurs around the clock.

Question 18

What type of intervention advises mothers and fathers to place their low-birth-weight neonates on their chests for 2 to 3 hours a day?

Accepted Answer

The intervention described is kangaroo care, which involves placing a low-birth-weight neonate on their parent's chest for skin-to-skin contact for 2 to 3 hours a day. This intervention has been shown to have numerous benefits, including improved weight gain, decreased infection rates, and better maternal-infant bonding. Papoose care and marsupial care are not recognized interventions in neonatal care, and while frequent contact care may be beneficial, it does not specifically refer to the practice of kangaroo care.

Question 19

Low-birth-weight babies in either developed or developing countries are most likely to be born to parents who have the ____.

Accepted Answer

Low-birth-weight babies are most likely to be born to parents who have the fewest resources, such as access to adequate healthcare, proper nutrition, and safe living environments. These factors can be affected by socioeconomic status and educational status, but it ultimately comes down to the availability of resources. Having more children does not necessarily contribute to low-birth-weight, unless it causes a strain on already limited resources.

Question 20

What type of intervention for low-birth-weight neonates is so successful that it is used in over 75% of neonatal intensive care units in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Kangaroo care, also known as skin-to-skin care, is the intervention for low-birth-weight neonates that is so successful that it is used in over 75% of neonatal intensive care units in the United States. This practice involves placing the baby on the parent's chest, with skin-to-skin contact, which can improve temperature regulation, decrease stress and pain, and promote bonding and breastfeeding.

Quiz 3: Birth and the Newborn Child