The Universal Negro Improvement Association:

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The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was founded and led by Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican-born black nationalist and entrepreneur. The organization aimed to promote black economic self-sufficiency and international unity among people of African descent. It differed from Booker T. Washington's approach in that it emphasized Pan-Africanism and rejected accommodation with white supremacy. It was not a forerunner of the NAACP, which was founded by a group of white and black activists in 1909, and it was not conceived by W. E. B. Du Bois, although he was critical of Garvey and the UNIA. The UNIA did support black arts and culture, but that was not its primary focus.