The government has passed many school accountability measures that reward schools if their students score highly on standardized tests.Suppose schools respond by manipulating the set of test-takers to increase average scores.This outcome is an example of a(n):

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This outcome is an indirect effect because it is not the intended or desired outcome of the government's school accountability measures. Rather, the intended outcome is to improve the overall quality of education and student outcomes. However, schools are responding in a way that manipulates the set of test-takers, which is not in line with the intended outcome.

The Government Has Passed Many School Accountability Measures That Reward