The procedure referred to as trephination

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Trephination, also known as trepanning, is the practice of drilling or cutting a hole in the skull, usually for the purpose of relieving pressure or clearing away damaged tissue from an injury or disease. While it has been used for medical reasons, there is evidence that it was also performed for superstitious or mystical reasons in the past, such as in certain ancient cultures where trephination was believed to release evil spirits or cure insanity.

The Procedure Referred to as Trephination