Cross-cultural research indicates that Japanese and other collectivistic cultures have added a third emotional dimension, called _____, to the two basic emotional dimensions of pleasantness and arousal.

Question

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The third emotional dimension that has been identified in collectivistic cultures is interpersonal engagement, which refers to the degree to which emotions are directly expressed or suppressed in social interactions. This dimension reflects cultural norms that prioritize maintaining social harmony and avoiding conflict or disruption of group dynamics. It is distinct from the dimensional models of emotions used in individualistic cultures, which focus on valence (pleasantness-unpleasantness) and arousal (activation-deactivation) as the primary dimensions.

Cross-Cultural Research Indicates That Japanese and Other Collectivistic Cultures Have