Question 1

Which of the following has provided limited support for the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Accepted Answer

The facial feedback hypothesis supports the James-Lange theory of emotion by suggesting that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences, which aligns with the James-Lange theory's emphasis on physiological responses preceding and determining emotional experiences.

Question 2

A Focus on Neuroscience feature in the chapter described a PET scan study by researcher Antonio Damasio and his colleagues. The study found that when participants recalled an emotionally charged memory, internal brain changes occurred before the participant reported subjectively feeling the emotion. This evidence provides support for _____ theory of emotion.

Accepted Answer

The study's findings support the James-Lange theory of emotion, which proposes that people experience emotions as a result of physiological changes in response to stimuli, with subjective feeling states following these changes. This is consistent with the study's finding that physiological changes occur before the participant reports feeling the emotion.

Question 3

Medely believes that emotion is the result of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal. Dr. Medely's view is most consistent with the _____ theory of emotion.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Medely's view aligns with the two-factor theory of emotion, which suggests that a person's experience of emotion stems from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. This theory was proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer in the 1960s.

Question 4

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by:

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer in the 1960s. This theory suggests that emotions are composed of both a physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation or label of that arousal. In other words, the physiological arousal provides the energy for the emotion, while the cognitive interpretation determines the type of emotion experienced.

Question 5

The hormone _____, more commonly known as adrenaline, activates the sympathetic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline is more commonly known as epinephrine, and it activates the sympathetic nervous system, which controls the body's fight or flight response. Dopamine, ghrelin, and leptin are other hormones that play different roles in the body.

Question 6

Whenever he is feeling gloomy, Lloyd sings the song Put on a Happy Face. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, if he follows the advice of the song, Lloyd is likely to:

Accepted Answer

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence our emotional experiences. In this case, if Lloyd follows the advice of the song and puts on a happy face, it is likely to signal to his brain that he is feeling happy, leading to an elevation in his mood. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 7

The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion is called the:

Accepted Answer

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that the physical act of expressing a specific emotion through facial expressions can actually lead to the subjective experience of that emotion. This theory is supported by studies showing that making certain facial expressions can actually cause changes in heart rate, skin conductance, and other physiological measures associated with specific emotions. The other answer choices (A, B, and D) are all different theories of emotion, but they focus more on cognitive appraisal, physiological arousal, or self-evaluation rather than the role of facial expressions.

Question 8

When people act happy or fearful, they feel happier or more afraid respectively. This finding lends some support to _____ theory of emotion.

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. This means that if you act happy or fearful, your body responds in a way that makes you actually feel happier or more afraid, which aligns with the statement provided.

Question 9

The _____ states that emotions arise from the perception and interpretation of bodily changes.

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotions are a result of the bodily changes and physiological responses that occur in response to a stimulus. This theory argues that our subjective emotional experiences are the products of our perception and interpretation of these bodily changes.

Question 10

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that:

Accepted Answer

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, influences the subjective experience of that particular emotion. In other words, the way we express an emotion, such as by smiling or frowning, can actually influence how we feel emotionally. This theory has received support from various studies in which participants who were asked to make specific facial expressions reported experiencing the corresponding emotions.

Question 11

Walter Cannon challenged the James-Lange theory of emotion, criticizing it on several grounds. Which of the following is one of those criticisms?

Accepted Answer

Cannon's criticism of the James-Lange theory included the observation that different emotions can produce similar physiological responses, yet we experience these emotions as distinct from one another. This challenges the James-Lange theory's assertion that specific physiological changes are directly responsible for specific emotional experiences.

Question 12

In one study, participants were injected with the hormone adrenaline. When asked how they felt, the subjects simply reported the physical changes produced by the drug, saying, "My heart is beating very fast." Some reported feeling as if they should be feeling an emotion, but they said they did not feel the emotion itself: "I feel as if I were afraid." These results conflict with the _____ theory of emotion.

Accepted Answer

The study's results conflict with the James-Lange theory of emotion, which proposes that a person's experience of emotion arises from physiological arousal. In this case, the participants were experiencing the physical symptoms of adrenaline injection, but they did not report feeling the corresponding emotions (such as fear).

Question 13

When Spencer took his first ride on the big Ferris wheel, he looked down at the fairground one hundred feet below him and became aware of his high level of physiological arousal. Suddenly he felt frightened. The sequence of events in Spencer's emotional experience reflects the:

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that an event or stimulus triggers a physiological response in the body, which then generates an emotional experience. In Spencer's case, his physical arousal from being up high on the Ferris wheel led to his feeling of fear.

Question 14

It is more acceptable for women than men to cry in public in the United States. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a display rule, which refers to cultural norms that dictate how emotions should be expressed in public. In the United States, it is more acceptable for women to cry in public, which is a gender-based display rule.

Question 15

Bob has a spinal cord injury and very little physical sensation or movement below his shoulders, yet he experiences emotions just as intensely as before the accident that caused his injury. This finding poses a problem primarily for the:

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotions arise as a result of physiological arousal. In other words, we experience emotions because we first have physical reactions to stimuli, and then we consciously interpret these reactions as emotions. Bob's experience challenges this theory because he is not able to experience physical sensations and movements, yet still experiences emotions just as intensely.

Question 16

Identify the author of the following quote: "Common sense says we lose our fortune, are sorry and weep; we meet a bear, are frightened and run; we are insulted by a rival, are angry and strike. The hypothesis here to be defended says that this order of sequence is incorrect, that the one mental state is not immediately induced by the other, that the bodily manifestations must first be interposed between, and that the more rational statement is that we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble."

Accepted Answer

The quote is from William James, a pioneering psychologist and philosopher who is considered the father of American psychology. This quote is from his book "The Principles of Psychology", where he argues that emotions are not simply the result of internal mental processes but are intertwined with bodily sensations and external stimuli.

Question 17

Theories of emotion differ in terms of which components of emotion they emphasize. Which of the following is NOT one of those components?

Accepted Answer

Theories of emotion typically emphasize the subjective experience, physiological arousal, and expressive behaviors as components of emotion. Genetic predispositions may play a role in emotion, but they are not a commonly emphasized component in theories of emotion.

Question 18

Howie noticed that, both, when he encountered a bear in the woods on his camping trip and when he kissed his girlfriend for the first time, he felt the same pounding heart and sweaty palms. He felt afraid when he saw the bear because it was a threatening situation, but he felt excited with the kiss. Which theory of emotion best explains Howie's emotions?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion proposes that physiological arousal, such as increased heart rate and sweating, is followed by a conscious cognitive interpretation or label of the emotion. In Howie's case, he experienced physiological arousal in both situations, but his interpretation or label of the emotion was different - fear for the bear encounter and excitement for the kiss. This supports the two-factor theory of emotion.

Question 19

Whenever she sees Dylan, Madison's heart beats faster and she gets a trembling feeling inside. Madison now believes that she must be in love with Dylan. Which theory of emotion is illustrated in this example?

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions are a result of physiological reactions to stimuli. In this case, Madison's increased heart rate and trembling may be interpreted by her brain as feelings of love towards Dylan.

Question 20

In the 1920s, physiologist Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory of emotion by noting that:

Accepted Answer

Cannon argued that our emotional response to a stimulus occurs too quickly to be the result of waiting for a physiological reaction. This contradicts the James-Lange theory, which suggests that our emotions result from our perception of bodily changes that happen in response to a stimulus.

Quiz 8: Section 2: Motivation and Emotion