Phrenology, which was a popular pseudoscience in the 1800s, has since been refuted by modern brain research, including research with brain-imaging techniques.

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Phrenology was based on the belief that the shape and size of bumps on the skull could reveal a person's personality and mental abilities. However, modern neuroscience has shown that brain function is much more complex and cannot be determined simply by examining the skull's surface. Brain imaging techniques like fMRI have revealed that different mental functions involve multiple regions of the brain, rather than discrete sections associated with specific personality traits.

Phrenology, Which Was a Popular Pseudoscience in the 1800s, Has