What are Frank Parkin's two types of closure strategies that help us understand how patterns of social inequality are maintained?

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Frank Parkin's two types of closure strategies are exclusion and usurpation. These strategies refer to the ways in which certain groups attempt to maintain their position of privilege or power by preventing others from entering their domain or by monopolizing the resources necessary for success. In other words, exclusion involves erecting barriers to keep others out, while usurpation involves taking over resources that others are dependent on in order to maintain their position of power. These strategies help us understand how patterns of social inequality are maintained by certain individuals or groups.

What Are Frank Parkin's Two Types of Closure Strategies That