Lung Expansion Methods That Increase the Transpulmonary Pressure Gradients by Increasing

Lung expansion methods that increase the transpulmonary pressure gradients by increasing alveolar pressure include which of the following?
1) Incentive spirometry (IS)
2) Positive end-expiration pressure therapy
3) Intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB)
4) Expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP)

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2, 3, and 4 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4