An 82-year-old woman with renal failure is seen in the clinic.The provider should question the patient about the intake of which of these substances that can cause renal toxicity?

Question

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All of the above substances can cause renal toxicity, especially in individuals with pre-existing renal conditions. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can reduce renal blood flow and impair kidney function. Captopril and losartan, both used to treat high blood pressure, can also affect renal function by altering the dynamics of blood flow within the kidneys.

An 82-Year-Old Woman with Renal Failure Is Seen in the Clinic.The