Empirical studies indicate that the rate of social return from positive "standing on shoulders" externalities of research ______ the negative "stepping on toes" externalities of research.

Question

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Studies show that the positive externalities of research (i.e., new insights and knowledge) lead to significant benefits for society, such as new technologies, improved health outcomes, and economic growth. These benefits greatly exceed the negative externalities (i.e., potential harm or displacement of existing knowledge or industries). Therefore, the rate of social return from positive "standing on shoulders" externalities of research greatly exceeds the negative "stepping on toes" externalities of research.

Empirical Studies Indicate That the Rate of Social Return from Positive