Association, time order, and nonspuriousness are required to establish a causal effect.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Association means that there is a relationship between the two variables, time order means that the cause precedes the effect, and nonspuriousness means that the association between the variables is not due to a third variable. These three conditions are necessary to establish a causal effect. Without these conditions, we cannot be sure if the relationship between the variables is truly causal or just a coincidence or the result of a third variable. Therefore, the statement is true that Association, time order, and nonspuriousness are required to establish a causal effect.

Association, Time Order, and Nonspuriousness Are Required to Establish a Causal