The concept that a person who commits a crime, receives punishment for it through the workings of our legal system, and afterwards makes a decision to never commit a crime again, is called:

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The concept described in the question is known as deterrence, which is the idea that the threat of punishment will discourage someone from committing a crime again in the future. Retribution refers to punishment inflicted as retribution for a wrong committed. Mens rea and actus reus are legal terms that refer to the mental state and physical actions of a person who commits a crime.

The Concept That a Person Who Commits a Crime, Receives