______________ is a threat to internal validity that occurs when the very process of measuring in the pretest can have an impact on the dependent variable.

Question

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The testing effect is the threat to internal validity that occurs when the pretest measurement itself has an impact on the dependent variable. This can happen because taking the pretest may affect the way participants respond on the posttest, either by making them more or less aware of the dependent variable or by influencing their mood or motivation.

______________ Is a Threat to Internal Validity That Occurs When