A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided among classes and that an upper-class elite rules is called

Question

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The theory described in the question is elite theory. It posits that society is divided into classes and that an upper-class elite rules. This is in contrast to pluralism, which argues that power is distributed among a variety of interest groups, or hyperpluralism, which suggests that there are too many interest groups competing for power and that government is weakened as a result. Liberalism and republicanism are political philosophies that prioritize individual liberty and popular sovereignty, respectively, and are not directly related to the question.

A Theory of Government and Politics Contending That Societies Are