Question 1

As an infant begins to crawl,their ability to perceive depth and motion improves dramatically.At what age do most infants have binocular and color vision?

Accepted Answer

Binocular vision, which is the ability to use both eyes together to perceive depth, typically develops between 3 to 4 months of age. Color vision also begins to mature around the same time. By contrast, at 1 to 2 months of age, infants can only see high contrast patterns and are not able to distinguish colors. 1 to 2 years and 3 to 4 years of age are too late for the development of binocular and color vision.

Question 2

Some propose infants have a preference for sweet tasting items as an adaptive principle because ____.

Accepted Answer

Breast milk is slightly sweet, which suggests that infants may have a preference for sweet tasting items as an adaptive response to seek out the nutrients found in breast milk.

Question 3

What is the earliest sense to develop in neonates?

Accepted Answer

Touch is the earliest sense to develop in neonates, as tactile (touch) receptors are the only sensory organs fully developed at birth. This is why skin-to-skin contact and gentle touch are so important in the early stages of a baby's life. While all other senses develop shortly thereafter, touch is the first to emerge.

Question 4

The Babinski reflex is when ____.

Accepted Answer

The Babinski reflex is when the sole of an infant's foot is stroked, and the infant twists their foot inward. Option A describes the knee jerk reflex, Option C describes the blink reflex, and Option D describes the pupillary reflex.

Question 5

____ occurs when we combine information from both eyes for perceiving depth and motion.

Accepted Answer

Binocular vision occurs when both eyes work together to perceive depth and motion. The combination of the two slightly different images from each eye allows the brain to calculate distance and spatial relationships. Stereo vision is another term for binocular vision. Myopic vision refers to nearsightedness and does not relate to depth perception. Monocular vision refers to the use of only one eye for visual perception, which is insufficient for accurate depth perception.

Question 6

Which of the following are structures of the eye?

Accepted Answer

The structures listed in option A are all parts of the eye. The lens helps focus light onto the retina, where cones (photoreceptor cells) detect color and detail. The optic nerve sends signals from the retina to the brain for visual processing. Options B, C, and D list structures unrelated to the eye.

Question 7

What helps the neonate find the breast because it causes them to turn their heads and open their mouths when touched on the cheek or side of the mouth?

Accepted Answer

The rooting reflex causes the neonate to turn their head and open their mouth when touched on the cheek or side of the mouth, helping them find the breast to nurse. The Moro reflex is a response to sudden movement or a loud noise, the grasping reflex causes the neonate to tightly grasp onto objects, and there is no such thing as a "nursing reflex" specifically.

Question 8

At what distance can neonates focus most accurately?

Accepted Answer

The answer of At what distance can neonates focus most...

Question 9

Neonates can distinguish between red and white but not between white and other colors.Why?

Accepted Answer

The cone receptors, which are responsible for color vision, are not fully developed in neonates, making it difficult for them to distinguish between different colors. While some cones are present at birth, it takes several months for them to fully mature and for the neonate's color vision to fully develop. Therefore, neonates can distinguish between red and white because they can detect these colors with their immature cones, but they cannot distinguish between white and other colors because their cone receptors are not yet fully developed.

Question 10

Neonates can distinguish between red and ____, but not between white and other colors,probably because the ____ is/are immature.

Accepted Answer

Neonates can distinguish between red and white because they have functional cones in their retina specialized for detecting long-wavelength light such as red. However, they cannot distinguish between other colors such as green, blue or yellow because their cones for those colors are not fully developed yet.

Question 11

Which taste do neonates prefer?

Accepted Answer

Neonates have a preference for sweet taste, as it is associated with the taste of breastmilk, which is their primary source of nutrition. They may also have a slight preference for umami taste, which is found in breastmilk as well. However, neonates are not able to detect or differentiate between other tastes such as sour, bitter or salty.

Question 12

Infant's visual acuity is at best a distance of ____.

Accepted Answer

Infant's visual acuity is at best a distance of 8-14 inches. This means that an infant can see things clearly at a distance of only 8-14 inches from their face. Beyond that distance, their vision is blurry and they cannot distinguish details. This is because their eyes are not fully developed and their brain needs time to learn how to interpret visual information.

Question 13

____ is the reflex that helps the neonate find the nipple before they have learned how to feed from their mother's breast.

Accepted Answer

The rooting reflex is the neonate's instinctive behavior to turn their head and search for the nipple when the cheek or mouth is touched. This reflex helps the baby find the breast and begin feeding. The Babkin reflex is a response to pressure on the palms that causes the baby's mouth to open and close, the Suckling reflex is the automatic sucking movement when something is placed in the mouth, and the Moro reflex is the startle response to sudden movement or noise. None of these reflexes are specifically related to finding the nipple for feeding.

Question 14

Infants are born with 27 automatic responses that occur from being stimulated certain ways.These automatic responses are known as ____.

Accepted Answer

The term "automatic responses" in the statement refers to reflexes, which are involuntary reactions to specific stimuli. Therefore, the correct answer is C, reflexes. The other options do not accurately describe the automatic responses infants are born with.

Question 15

When caught off guard by the crash of thunder,2-month-old Daiane arches her back,flails her arms outward,and then quickly brings them together in an embrace.Which of the following reflexes did the loud crash of thunder trigger?

Accepted Answer

The described response of arched back, flailed arms, and then bringing them together in an embrace is characteristic of the Moro reflex, which is triggered by sudden changes in sensory input, such as a loud noise. The Babkin reflex is elicited by stroking the palms of the hands, the rooting reflex involves turning the head and opening the mouth in response to touch on the cheek, and the Babinski reflex involves the fanning out of toes when the sole of the foot is stroked. None of these reflexes match the described response.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the visual abilities of a neonatal infant?

Accepted Answer

Neonatal infants have less developed visual systems and their visual acuity is worse than the average adult. They can only see objects within approximately 8-12 inches away from their face and their visual acuity improves gradually over the first year of life.

Question 17

In terms of pain,what did physicians believe about neonates until recent decades?

Accepted Answer

Until recent decades, physicians commonly believed that neonates did not feel pain or that they felt pain in a limited capacity compared to adults. This belief was based on outdated research and erroneous assumptions about neonatal nervous system development.

Question 18

Which of the following appear to have no apparent purpose for the infant?

Accepted Answer

The Babkin and Babinski reflexes do not have a clear survival purpose for infants, unlike reflexes like rooting or suckling which aid in feeding.

Question 19

____ is the ability to distinguish where a sound originates.

Accepted Answer

Sound localization refers to the ability to distinguish where a sound originates, as it involves the brain processing differences in the arrival time and intensity of a sound at the two ears. Hemispheric separation refers to the specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain for certain functions, The Doppler Effect refers to the change in the frequency of a sound wave due to motion, and auditory monitoring is the process of actively listening and paying attention to sounds in the environment.

Question 20

At what age are infants able to use binocular vision,the ability to combine information from both eyes so that depth perception is possible?

Accepted Answer

At the age of 3 to 4 months, infants develop the ability to use binocular vision, allowing them to combine information from both eyes and gain depth perception.

Quiz 3: Birth and the Newborn Child