The idea that adult intelligence declines with age has been challenged most effectively by:

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Longitudinal research, which follows individuals over time, has been most effective in challenging the idea that adult intelligence declines with age. This type of research has shown that while some aspects of cognitive abilities may decline with age, others stay stable or even improve. Cross-sectional research compares different age groups at the same time, making it more difficult to identify age-related changes. Research on fluid intelligence, which involves problem-solving and adapting to new situations, does suggest some decline with age, but it is not the most effective challenge to the idea of overall intelligence decline. Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to identify underlying dimensions of intelligence but does not directly challenge the idea of age-related declines in intelligence.

The Idea That Adult Intelligence Declines with Age Has Been