The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of:

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Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any reinforcement, but is not immediately shown in behavior. This type of learning was demonstrated in studies by Tolman in which rats had to navigate a maze to reach a reward. Even when the reward was not given, the rats learned the maze and were able to quickly reach the reward when it was introduced. Fixed-interval schedules, extrinsic motivation, and instinctive drift all involve reinforcement to some degree.

The Fact That Learning Can Occur Without Reinforcement Is Most