The nurse identifies a nursing diagnosis of ineffective breathing pattern related to loss of central nervous system integrative function for a patient who has post-traumatic brain swelling based on which of the following findings?

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Apneustic breathing, also known as cluster breathing, is characterized by irregular, deep, gasping breaths with brief pauses between each breath. It indicates an ineffective breathing pattern and can occur in patients with central nervous system dysfunction, such as post-traumatic brain swelling. Crackles on inspiration may be indicative of pulmonary edema or respiratory infection, but do not necessarily suggest an ineffective breathing pattern related to loss of central nervous system integrative function. A Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 8 indicates a decrease in consciousness level but does not specifically point to the breathing pattern, and CPP less than 60 mm Hg is related to cerebral perfusion pressure, not breathing pattern.

The Nurse Identifies a Nursing Diagnosis of Ineffective Breathing Pattern