Johann von Herder argued in opposition to the philosophes that the character of a nation's civilization derived from:

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Johann von Herder argued that the character of a nation's civilization came from its common people or the "volk," as he believed that the culture of a people grew organically from their unique history, language, and customs. This idea is known as cultural nationalism and differs from the Enlightenment emphasis on universal reason and progress.

Johann Von Herder Argued in Opposition to the Philosophes That