A few years ago,while stopped at a red light,Noreen's car was rear ended by a truck.She suffered injuries and was hospitalized after the accident.Since then she has developed a fear of trucks,as well as a fear of red lights.Her fear of red lights illustrates

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Noreen's fear of red lights, which were associated with the traumatic event but were not the direct cause of her injuries, illustrates higher-order conditioning. This is where a stimulus that was originally neutral (red lights) becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with another conditioned stimulus (the presence of trucks), leading to a conditioned response (fear).

A Few Years Ago,while Stopped at a Red Light,Noreen's Car